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Showing results for tags 'gut'.
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Celiac.com 02/05/2024 - Celiac disease is a condition triggered by gluten consumption in susceptible individuals, and which has long posed challenges for those affected. However, a new study has illuminated a potential guardian in the microbial world that could shield against the gut disruptions caused by gluten. The study team included Tina Tran, Stefania Senger, Mariella Baldassarre, Rachel A. Brosnan, Fernanda Cristofori, Marco Crocco, Stefania De Santis, Luca Elli, Christina S. Faherty, Ruggero Francavilla, Isabella Goodchild-Michelman, Victoria A. Kenyon, Maureen M. Leonard, Rosiane S. Lima, Federica Malerba, Monica Montuori, Annalisa Morelli, Lorenzo Norsa, Tiziana Passaro, Pasqua Piemontese, James C. Reed, Naire Sansotta, Francesco Valitutti, Ali R. Zomorrodi, and the CDGEMM Team. Their novel research focuses on Bacteroides vulgatus, a bacterial species known for its anti-inflammatory properties, and its impact on maintaining the integrity of the human celiac gut. Researchers Single Out Bacteroides Vulgatus' Protective Effect The study, conducted by a dedicated team of researchers, initially observed a decreased presence of microbial species with potential anti-inflammatory properties in individuals developing celiac disease compared to those who did not. This led the researchers to hone in on Bacteroides vulgatus, aiming to establish its protective role and understand how its byproducts could counteract gluten-induced changes in human gut epithelial functions. To delve into this, the researchers identified, isolated, cultivated, and sequenced a unique strain, named 20220303-A2, of B. vulgatus found exclusively in control subjects. Using a human gut organoid system developed from pre-celiac patients, they closely monitored the epithelial phenotype and innate immune cytokines under various conditions: baseline, after exposure to gliadin (a component of gluten), and after exposure to both gliadin and B. vulgatus cell-free supernatant (CFS). The results were striking. After gliadin exposure, there were noticeable increases in epithelial cell death, epithelial monolayer permeability, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines—typical hallmarks associated with celiac disease. However, when the organoids were exposed to B. vulgatus 20220303-A2 CFS, these adverse effects were significantly mitigated. Remarkably, the protective effects were linked to epigenetic reprogramming of the treated organoids, suggesting a sophisticated mechanism at play. The study underscores the significance of gut microbiota in the context of celiac disease, emphasizing that alterations in microbial composition may precede the onset of the condition in genetically susceptible individuals. The dysbiosis observed in these individuals is characterized by a decline in protective bacterial strains, such as B. vulgatus. In summary, this research not only identifies a unique strain of Bacteroides vulgatus with potential protective properties, but also sheds light on the intricate mechanisms by which it shields the gut epithelium from the disruptions from gluten. Exactly what, if any new avenues for understanding and, potentially, managing celiac disease, are opened by this research, remains to be seen. Exactly what hope this may offer for those navigating the complexities of a gluten-free lifestyle, also remains unclear. Stay tuned for more on this, and related, celiac disease and gluten-free developments. Read more in Nature- 1 comment
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How Xylitol and Gluten Change Human Gut Microbiota and Biofilm
Jefferson Adams posted an article in Latest Research
Celiac.com 04/18/2024 - Human gut microbiota contains many viruses, bacteria and fungi. Escherichia coli representatives are facultative anaerobic bacteria in the colon that play a crucial role in the metabolism of lactose, vitamin synthesis and immune system modulation. E. coli forms a biofilm on the epithelial cell surface of the intestine that can be modified by diet compounds, such as gluten, xylitol, lactose and probiotics. Researchers recently examined the impact of probiotic-derived Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain on non-pathogenic E. coli biofilm. They also also treated mono- and multi-species biofilm with gluten, xylitol and lactose. The research team included Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg, Karolina Chomont, Dagmara Fydrych, Stawarz Julita, Tomasz Bogiel, Jana Przekwas, and Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska. They arę variously affiliated with the Microbiology Department, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, University of Nicolaus Copernicus in Toruń in Bydgoszcz, Poland; and the Clinical Microbiology Division, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital no 1 in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Probiotics May be Helpful in Rebuilding Gut Microbiota After Broad Spectrum Antibiotic Therapy The researchers used 96-well plates to obtain biofilm growth. They stained the biofilm with crystal violet. To evaluate the type of interaction in mono- and multispecies biofilm, a new formula was introduced - biofilm interaction ratio index (BIRI). To describe the impact of nutrients on biofilm formation, they calculated the biofilm formation impact ratio (BFIR). The biofilms formed by both examined species are stronger than in monocultures. All the BIRI values were above 3.0. It was found that the monospecies biofilm of L. rhamnosus is strongly inhibited by gluten (84.5%), while the monospecies biofilm of E. coli is strongly inhibited by xylitol (85.5%). The mixed biofilm is inhibited by lactose (78.8%) and gluten (90.6%). The relations between bacteria in the mixed biofilm led to changes in biofilm formation by E. coli and L. rhamnosus GG. Study Highlights: • Combining E. coli and L. rhamnosus creates a stronger biofilm than when each bacterium is cultured alone. • Adding xylitol to the diet can decrease the formation of biofilms by E. coli bacteria. • Lactose and gluten are less effective than xylitol in reducing the formation of biofilms by E. coli bacteria. The results indicate tha t probiotics might be helpful in rebuilding the gut microbiota after broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, but only if gluten and lactose are excluded from diet. Graphic Abstract Read more at: Sciencedirect.com -
Celiac.com 03/06/2023 - We get a lot of questions about celiac disease and gluten-free-related issues. One question we've seen lately is: Is there a connection between the human gut microbiome and celiac disease? The short answer is yes. The longer answer is that research has show a number of connections between the two conditions, but we still have far more questions than answers. Here's a rundown of what we do know. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the small intestine. When individuals with celiac disease consume gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, it triggers an immune response that damages the lining of the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients. One of the key components of the gut environment is the microbiome, a complex community of microorganisms that live in the gut. Recent research has shown that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the development and progression of celiac disease. Studies have shown that celiac disease is associated with changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome. In individuals with celiac disease, there is a decrease in beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and an increase in pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium. This disruption of the gut microbiome, also known as dysbiosis, can lead to an imbalance in the gut environment, which can trigger an immune response and further damage to the small intestine. Celiac Disease Disrupts the Gut Microbiome Recent studies have shown that celiac disease not only affects the gut lining but also disrupts the balance of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is made up of trillions of microorganisms that reside in the gut and play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. In healthy individuals, the gut microbiome is diverse and balanced, but in celiac patients, the gut microbiome is often imbalanced, known as dysbiosis. Gluten-Free Diet Affects Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in celiac patients can lead to a reduction in beneficial bacteria and an increase in harmful bacteria. This can cause a number of issues such as inflammation, changes in gut motility and nutrient malabsorption. Additionally, research has shown that the gut microbiome in celiac patients also changes after starting a gluten-free diet. For instance, the levels of certain beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increase, which can help to restore balance in the gut microbiome. Gut-Brain Axis It is not entirely clear yet how the gut microbiome is affected in celiac disease, but researchers believe that the gut-brain axis, which connects the gut and the brain, plays a key role. Studies have shown that the gut microbiome can influence the brain-gut axis and may impact nociceptive behavior and brain function. There's also a connection between gut-brain axis and migraines in people with celiac disease. Connections Between Microbiome and Celiac Research We also know that Genetic Risk for Autoimmune Disease Tied to Gut Microbiome We know that Celiac Disease Onset Changes Gut Microbiota in Children Recent research shows that Gluten Does Not Change Gut Microbiome in Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity We just recently learned that Altered Gut Bacteria Linked With Long COVID-19 Symptoms We also know that, in some cases, Fecal Microbiota Transplant Restores Gut Microbiome New research tells us that interaction between the gut microbiome and micronutrients are a key to the availability of minerals and vitamins. Gut Microbiome Affects Bioavailability of Micronutrients The gut microbiome can variously influence the bioavailability of micronutrients, as well as be influenced by micronutrient supplementation, with potential implications for health, even in the long term. Although several mechanisms have been advanced, a thorough characterization of the microbiome–micronutrient bidirectional axis is of utmost importance, as it can guide the design of microbiome‐based precision intervention strategies, aimed at improving micronutrient status and overall health. Studies have shown that celiac disease is associated with changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, which can lead to an imbalance in the gut environment, known as dysbiosis. Gut microbiome imbalance can lead to a number of issues such as inflammation, changes in gut motility and nutrient malabsorption. Research has shown that the gut microbiome in celiac patients also changes in some worrisome ways after starting a gluten-free diet. Much Unknown About "Healthy" Gut Microbiome Additionally, we need a clear understanding of what constitutes a "healthy" gut microbiome in people with or without celiac disease to fully understand the implications of gut health on celiac disease. When it comes to the connection between the human gut microbiome and celiac disease, we're learning that the two conditions are connected. Some evidence suggests that the health of the gut microbiome can influence certain symptoms of celiac disease, especially headaches. However, much more research is needed before we can make any hard conclusions about the exact nature of the connections, and the implications for people with celiac disease and other auto-immune conditions.- 1 comment
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Celiac.com 10/17/2022 - Headache is one of the main clinical symptoms and complaints of people with celiac disease, and often it manifests as migraine. The roots and origins of migraine as it relates to celiac disease are complex, and still poorly understood. The term 'dysbiosis' refers to a disruption of the microbiome that triggers an imbalance in the gut microbiota, which leads to changes in their functional composition and metabolic activities, or changes to their distribution within the gut microbiome. A team of researchers recently set out to give a narrative summary of the literature on celiac disease's neurological symptoms, particularly migraines, and to assess potential connections with dysbiosis. The research team included Hodan Qasim, Mohamed Nasr, Amad Mohammad, Mosab Hor, and Ahmed M. Baradeiya. They are variously affiliated with theDepartment of Internal Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, SAU; the Ophthalmology, Palestinian Medical Council, Ramallah, PSE; the Department of Ophthalmology, Children Retina Institute, Los Angeles, USA; the department of General Internal Medicine, Mansoura general hospital in Mansoura, Egypt; and the Research center, Fresno clinical research center, Fresno, USA. In an effort to explain the connection, researchers have proposed various mechanisms involving the gut-brain axis, including: the interaction of chronic inflammation with inflammatory and vasoactive mediators; the modulation of the intestinal immune environment of the microbiota; and a malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. The research article refers to a known gut-brain pathway that can influence neurological illnesses such as migraines. Some data suggests that gut microbiota can influence the brain-gut axis, and may impact nociceptive behavior and brain function A layer of columnar intestinal epithelial cells separates the 100 trillion bacteria present on the gut surface from the host. The key pathophysiological processes connected to migraine are thought to work partly due to the gut microbiota composition, which also plays a significant role in the gut-brain axis. Potential pathways include neurotransmitters, hormones, and inflammatory chemicals originating from the microbiome. However, further research is required to fully understand the basic specific factors which influence the process. The team's review aims to give a narrative summary of the literature on celiac disease's neurological symptoms, particularly migraines, and to assess any potential associations to dysbiosis, an imbalance in the microbiome that may be related to celiac disease. Read more at Cureus.com- 2 comments
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Celiac.com 03/08/2022 - There's been some evidence to connect celiac disease with an imbalance in gut microflora. However, researchers still don't know much about how gluten exposure in people with well-controlled celiac disease might influence microbial balance in the gut. A better understanding of this connection could help to improve our knowledge of celiac disease activity and its symptoms. To get a better idea of such a possible connection, a team of researchers recently set out to evaluate the impact of gluten exposure on the gut microbiome in patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). The research team included Nobel, Yael R. MD; Rozenberg, Felix BA; Park, Heekuk PhD; Freedberg, Daniel E. MD, MS; Blaser, Martin J. MD; Green, Peter H.R. MD; Uhlemann, Anne-Catrin MD, PhD; and Lebwohl, Benjamin MD, MS. They are variously affiliated with the Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; the Microbiome and Pathogen Genomics Collaborative Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; the Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. The team conducted a 14-day gluten challenge of 5 grams of gluten per day on nine patients with celiac disease and eight with NCGS, all of whom had been on a gluten-free diet. They then compared the results from the two groups against results from eight control subjects on a standard gluten-containing diet. The team used 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing before, during, and after the gluten challenge, to conduct fecal microbiome analysis on patient stool samples. They assessed symptoms using two 2 validated clinical scales. The results showed that patients with celiac disease and NCGS showed no significant fecal microbial changes in response to the gluten challenge. Interestingly, gut microbiome composition differed between all thee groups at baseline, and these differences continued regardless of gluten exposure. Celiac and NCGS subjects reported worse symptoms and general health in the middle of gluten challenge, and slightly better by the end. However, the symptoms and general health issues showed no consistent connections with the composition of the gut microbiome. In this study, fecal microbiome diversity remained unchanged by gluten challenge in adult subjects with celiac disease and NCGS. These results indicate that celiac disease and NCGS activity and severity may be unrelated to gut microbiome status. Since the gut microbiome is crucial to good health, it may be some comfort to people with celiac disease and NCGS that gluten exposure doesn't seem to damage the microbiome balance, and so is unlikely to worsen disease symptoms, at least in the short term. Read more in Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology: December 2021- 6 comments
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Altered Gut Bacteria Linked With Long COVID-19 Symptoms
Jefferson Adams posted an article in Latest Research
Celiac.com 02/14/2022 - Prior studies have found links between the gut microbiome and COVID-19, along with other diseases. However, a new study by investigators at the Chinese University of Hong Kong offers the first published data specifically linking gut health to COVID's long-term effects. The research team assessed 106 patients with COVID-19 from February to August 2020, at three different hospitals, and compared their results against a group of patients recruited in 2019, who did not have COVID. Patients had mostly mild to moderate Covid severity. At 3 months, nearly ninety of the COVID patients had post–acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS), which researchers defined as at least one persistent, otherwise unexplained symptom 4 weeks after testing negative for Covid. After six months, more than eighty patients still had PACS, with the main complaints being anxiety, fatigue, poor memory, hair loss, and difficulty sleeping. Stool sample analysis of PACS patients showed sharply lower bacteria diversity and abundance at six months, compared with with control subjects, and those without PACS. In patients with PACS, at both baseline and follow-up, nearly thirty bacteria species were reduced, while nearly fifteen were increased. Patients with COVID but not PACS showed just 25 changes to bacteria species at hospital intake, and all of those patients normalized by 6 months. The team linked patient respiratory symptoms at 6 months to higher levels of opportunistic pathogens such as Streptococcus anginosus and S. vestibularis. They also tied neuropsychiatric symptoms and fatigue to nosocomial pathogens, which are linked to opportunistic infections, such as Clostridium innocuum and Actinomyces naeslundii (P < .05). Bacteria that produce the beneficial fatty acid butyrate were substantially reduced in patients with hair loss. They also found that specific bacteria, including Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, showed the greatest inverse correlations with PACS at 6 months.. "Particular gut microbial profiles may indicate heightened susceptibility," said Dr Siew Ng, MBBS, PhD, associate director at the university's Center for Gut Microbiota Research. "Although the findings were drawn from patients with earlier strains of the COVID-19 virus, the findings still apply to new variants, including Omicron, since these pose the same problem of persistent disruption of the immune system," Ng adds. Dr Ng's group is currently carrying out trials to assess how long COVID might be prevented, and antibodies boosted, by modulating the microbiome after vaccination in high-risk people. "To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that altered gut microbiome composition is strongly associated with persistent symptoms in patients with COVID-19 up to 6 months after clearance of SARS-CoV-2 virus," said Dr Ng. Meanwhile, Eugene Chang, MD, professor of medicine at the University of Chicago, who has studied the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal disease, cautions that the study is "too preliminary" to lead to any clinical changes. Dr. Chang notes that the observations merely identify the microbes present, not their actual effects. Stay tuned for more on this and related stories about celiac disease and Covid. Read more in Medscape Medical News -
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Hey Guys, I'll post the question first in case you don't have time to read my story. Does/can gluten expose cause burning pain in the gut area? It seems when I MIGHT have a gluten exposure I get a "flare" of burning pain in my gut - mostly my left upper area. If I KNOW I've eaten gluten I get the burning plus the awful cramps and like I have constipation and diarrhea at the same time, my joints hurt like crazy and feel a little dizzy and this goes on strong for at least two days and takes what seems two to three weeks to go away. Backstory: My gut has been sick for 5 years. My gastro doc ran the basic tests (colonoscopy, endoscopy with all the biopsies, etc.) and my GP ran all the other stuff (CT scan, Echo of gallbladder, bloodwork). ALL normal except slight gastritis in stomach and a few diverticuli along my colon. Gastro doc said I have classic IBS. I have seriously tried every single diet change on the planet to heal up, and some have been quite extreme. The ONE thing I found for sure is that if I go strict without gluten and dairy for, say, 3 weeks, and then eat gluten again I get sicker than a dog. Now, during all my tests, my gastro doc biopsied me for celiac but at the time I didn't KNOW he was going to test me for it and HE didn't know I wasn't eating gluten. When he told me the celiac came back negative I said that was good because I hadn't been eating gluten for awhile anyway. The gasto doc was shocked and said the NEGATIVE results could totally be wrong. He told me to "Go eat all the bread that God made and come see me so we can redo the test". I took some gluten afterwards and immediately got sick. I didn't go back to my gastro doc because I wasn't about to continue to eat the gluten for 2 weeks. My GP doc says he wants to diagnose me with celiac just based on my symptoms alone. Now, the burning pain in my left upper side is so awful. Like a 6 or 7 on my pain scale.. and I've birthed 6 children with no meds. It used to come and go and now it's mostly here. I try hard to stay away from gluten but since the pandemic have been eating out "gluten free" and I think I get exposed. Yet, I'm still not sure if I am even celiac! I read somewhere that if a person is highly sensitive to gluten that an exposure can make them sick for up to a year? Now my GP doc wants to run more tests to see if I have other issues. My main question is whether gluten exposure can cause this type of burning pain? Has anyone else experienced this? Thanks, Missi -
Celiac.com 09/13/2021 - Gut damage is slow to heal in many patients with celiac disease. There has been some indication that budesonide together with a gluten-free diet can speed small bowel healing and improve symptoms improvement in patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease. A team of researchers recently set out to assess the effects of effervescent budesonide in conjunction with a gluten-free diet on Marsh grading and quantitative duodenal morphometry in newly diagnosed celiac patients. Basically, they wanted to see if the budesonide would improve the healing, compared to the gluten-free diet alone. The research team included Evan D. Newnham; Daniel Clayton-Chubb; Meena Nagarethinam; Patrick Hosking; and Peter R. Gibson. They are variously affiliated with the Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Eastern Health in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pathology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Vic., Australia; and the Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia. The team crafted a randomized, double-blind trial that measured the effects on Marsh grading and quantitative duodenal morphometry of 10 weeks' effervescent budesonide or placebo in newly diagnosed celiac patients. They then assessed the patients' progress across numerous clinical factors at 2 months and 1 year. The study followed nineteen newly diagnosed celiac patients who randomly received budesonide, along with a control group of eighteen, who received a placebo. The team saw no differences in mucosal response (Marsh 0 or 1) between the budesonide vs placebo groups in terms of week-8 remission (Marsh 0), week-52 response, and week-52 remission. Likewise the two groups showed no difference in improvement from baseline of villous-height-to-crypt-depth ratio, nor any statistically significant differences in clinical measures or adverse events. They saw no negative effects associated with corticosteroids. Overall, they noted that Marsh 3C was present at the diagnostic biopsy in 1 of 9 achieving mucosal remission at 8 weeks compared with 18 of 23 who did not achieve it; and mean villous-height : crypt-depth ratio was 1.06 (SD: 0.73) versus 0.46 (0.38) (P = 0.005). In this study, budesonide showed no significant effect on mucosal healing in celiac patients on a gluten-free diet. Mucosal remission at 8 weeks occurred in approximately one in four patients, regardless, and was associated with less severe histological lesions at the time the patient was diagnosed. Read more in Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics- 2 comments
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Celiac.com 06/16/2021 - Weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposure, some children develop a severe, life-threatening illness called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). A new study offers hope for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of MIS-C. Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in MIS-C patients and severe hyperinflammatory response ensues with potential for cardiac complications. The cause of MIS-C has not previously been identified. A team of researchers recently set out to learn more about diagnosing, treating, and preventing MIS-C. The research team analyzed specimens from 19 children with MIS-C, 26 with acute COVID-19, and 55 control subjects and assessed stool samples for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR, and plasma samples for markers of breakdown of mucosal barrier integrity, including zonulin. They used ultra-sensitive antigen detection to probe for SARS-CoV-2 antigenemia in plasma, and then characterized the resulting immune responses. As proof of concept, we treated a MIS-C patient with larazotide, a zonulin antagonist, and monitored impact on antigenemia and clinical response. The team demonstrated that, in MIS-C patients, prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the GI tract leads to the release of zonulin, an intestinal permeability biomarker, which causes SARS-CoV-2 antigens to flow into the bloodstream, and triggers hyperinflammation. The one MIS-C patient treated with larazotide, a drug which is currently in clinical trials as a possible treatment for celiac disease, showed a coinciding decrease in plasma SARS-CoV-2 Spike antigen levels, inflammatory markers, along with clinical improvement above that resulted from presently available treatments. The team's data detailing the pathogenesis of MIS-C offers insight into targets for diagnosing, treating, and preventing MIS-C, which are crucial to addressing this increasingly common severe COVID-19-related disease in children. Read more at The Journal of Clinical Investigation. The research team included Lael M. Yonker, Tal Gilboa, Alana F. Ogata, Yasmeen Senussi, Roey Lazarovits, Brittany P. Boribong, Yannic C. Bartsch, Maggie Loiselle, Magali Noval Rivas,4 Rebecca A. Porritt,4 Rosiane Lima,1 Jameson P. Davis, Eva J. Farkas, Madeleine D. Burns, Nicola Young, Vinay S. Mahajan, Soroush Hajizadeh, Xcanda I. Herrera Lopez,5 Johannes Kreuzer, Robert Morris, Enid E. Martinez, Isaac Han, Kettner Griswold Jr., Nicholas C. Barry, David B. Thompson, George Church, Andrea G. Edlow, Wilhelm Haas, Shiv Pillai, Moshe Arditi, Galit Alter, David R. Walt, and Alessio Fasano. They are variously affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America; the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, United States of America; the Department of Medicine, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States of America; the Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America; the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America; the Department of Immunology, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, United States of America; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America; the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America; the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America; the Department of Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America; and the Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America. -
Celiac.com 10/28/2020 - Eating that Thanksgiving turkey and taking probiotics may promote gut healing and improve gluten-free diet response in people with celiac disease. A research team at Canada's McMaster University has found that tryptophan, an amino acid found in high concentrations in turkey meat, along with some probiotics, may help celiacs heal faster, and respond better to a gluten-free diet. The researchers included Bruno Lamas, Leticia Hernandez-Galan, Heather J. Galipeau, Marco Constante, Alexandra Clarizio, Jennifer Jury, Natalia M. Breyner, Alberto Caminero, Gaston Rueda, Christina L. Hayes, Justin L. McCarville, Miriam Bermudez Brito, Julien Planchais, Nathalie Rolhion, Joseph A. Murray, Philippe Langella, Linda M. P. Loonen, Jerry M. Wells, Premysl Bercik, Harry Sokol, and Elena F. Verdu. For their study, the team set out to see if the breakdown of tryptophan by gut bacteria was different in celiac disease, and whether this difference could be targeted as a potential therapy. The team studied three groups: patients with active celiac disease, patients two years after a gluten-free diet, and healthy people. Their findings suggest targeting tryptophan metabolism in the guts of people with celiac disease might help to control symptoms and accelerate intestinal healing. "The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict adherence to a gluten-free diet, which is difficult to follow, and doesn't always lead to complete recovery of the gut or symptom resolution," says Elena Verdu, lead researcher of the study and a professor of medicine at McMaster's Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute. She also holds the Canada Research Chair in Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is necessary for numerous functions within the body, but which cannot be produced by the body, and instead must be consumed via foods like poultry, chocolate, bananas, and cruciferous vegetables, like broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower. Once consumed, tryptophan is broken down by gut bacteria to produce bioactive molecules (called "metabolites") that interact with receptors in the gut lining that control inflammation. One of these receptors is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, or AhR, and suboptimal activation of this receptor has been implicated in chronic intestinal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Celiacs showed evidence of reduced bacterial metabolism of tryptophan, and their gut microbiota did not appropriately stimulate the AhR pathway, which controls inflammation and protects the gut barrier. These changes improved a bit in patients after two years of a gluten-free diet. Using mice that express the genes for celiac disease, the authors showed that two strains of lactobacilli, bacteria known to breakdown tryptophan, activated AhR and reduced gluten-triggered inflammation. The study findings highlight the potential therapeutic value of targeting tryptophan metabolism in the gut in celiac disease to better control symptoms. Hopefully, we will get studies that look into therapeutic strategies, such as tryptophan supplementation in combination with specific probiotics, that produce AhR ligands from the diet, in celiac patients who do not respond to the gluten-free diet. Read more in Science Translational Medicine The researchers are variously affiliated with the Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; the Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France; the Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hospital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroenterologie, Paris, France; the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; and the Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands. -
Celiac.com 03/08/2021 - When people with celiac disease eat gluten, it triggers adaptive immune cells, which cause damage to the lining of the small intestine. Doctors gauge the severity of celiac disease through histological assessment of the intestinal damage via intestinal biopsy. To confirm diagnosis and to test drug efficacy in clinical trials, doctors rely on a gluten challenge. However, patients respond with different magnitudes to the same gluten challenge. This is a problem that a group of researchers looked at recently, in a study of 19 well‐treated celiac patients. The research team included Jorunn Stamnaes; Daniel Stray; Maria Stensland; Vikas K. Sarna; Tuula A. Nyman; Knut E. A. Lundin; and Ludvig M. Sollid. They are variously affiliated with the K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital‐Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; and the Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital‐Ullevål, Oslo, Norway. In the study patients, proteome analysis of total tissue, or isolated epithelial cell compartment from formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded biopsies, collected before and after 14‐day gluten challenge, shows that patients with strong mucosal response to gluten challenge have signs of ongoing tissue inflammation prior to the gluten challenge. This low‐level tissue inflammation at baseline is mirrored by increased gluten specific CD4+ T‐cells in the gut, and a low‐level blood inflammatory profile. This study shows that even well‐treated celiac disease commonly features ongoing low‐grade inflammation and anti-gluten immunity in the gut mucosa, and that histology assessment alone is not a good measure of full recovery and gut mucosal healing in celiac patients. The findings raise a concern that even a vigilant gluten‐free diet might not be enough to curb gut inflammation in all celiac disease patients. Read more at Wiley Online Library -
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More Than Half of Human Gut Bacteria Could Be Harmed by Glyphosate
Scott Adams posted an article in Latest Research
Celiac.com 12/07/2020 - A team of researchers has established the first bioinformatics method to determine and test the potential biological sensitivity of living organisms to glyphosate, the chemical in the herbicide commercially marketed as Roundup. Their research shows that glyphosate may negatively affect more than half of bacteria strains that make up the human gut microbiome. The research team included Lyydia Leinoa,Tuomas Talla, Marjo Helandera, Irma Saloniemia, Kari Saikkonen, Suvi Ruuskanena, and Pere Puigbòacd. They are variously affiliated with the Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, the Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Finland, the Nutrition and Health Unit, Eurecat Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Catalonia, Spain, and the Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. The team managed to identify the enzyme targeted by the broad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate, and offers the first bioinformatics method for determining potential glyphosate sensitivity. Glyphosate targets an enzyme called 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, which synthesizes three essential aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan) in plants. "Based on the structure of the EPSPS enzyme, we are able to classify 80-90% of microbial species into sensitive or resistant to glyphosate," says Docent Pere Puigbò, developer of the new bioinformatics tool. Glyphosate has been regarded as safe to use because shikimate pathway is found only in plants, fungi and bacteria. However, the widespread use of glyphosate may reduce the diversity and composition of microbial communities, including the human gut microbiome. The team's new method has allowed them to create a dataset of EPSPS sequences from thousands of species that will enable major research advances. The method resulted in the classification of sequences from nearly 90% of eukaryotes and more than 80% of prokaryotes. Analysis made with the team's new bioinformatics tool shows that more than half of the human core gut bacterial species are potentially sensitive to glyphosate. "This groundbreaking study provides tools for further studies to determine the actual impact of glyphosate on human and animal gut microbiota and thus to their health," explains Docent Marjo Helander. Read more at the Journal of Hazardous Materials -
Celiac.com 12/09/2020 - Research has shown that oral Bifidobacterium infantis Natren Life Start super strain (NLS-SS) can reduce gastro-intestinal symptoms in untreated celiac disease patients. Because the reduction in symptoms was not due to any change in intestinal permeability, serum cytokine levels, chemokines, or growth factors, researchers have hypothesized that the reduction of symptoms seen in celiac patients treated with B. infantis may be associated with the modulation of innate immunity. To test that hypothesis, a team of researchers recently investigated the potential mechanics of a probiotic B.infantis Natren Life Start super strain on the mucosal expression of innate immune markers in adults with active untreated celiac disease, compared with those treated with B. infantis at 6 weeks and after 1 year on a gluten-free diet. The research team included Maria I. Pinto-Sánchez, MD, Edgardo C. Smecuol, MD, Maria P. Temprano, RD, Emilia Sugai, BSBC, Andrea González, RD, PhD, María L. Moreno,MD, Xianxi Huang, MD, PhD, Premysl Bercik, MD, Ana Cabanne, MD, Horacio Vázquez, MD, Sonia Niveloni, MD, Roberto Mazure, MD, Eduardo Mauriño, MD, Elena F. Verdú , MD, PhD, and Julio C. Bai, MD. They are variously affiliated with the Medicine Department, Farcombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; the Small Intestinal Section, Department of Medicine; the Department of Alimentation, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Gastroenterology Hospital; the Research Institute, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The team used immunohistochemistry in duodenal biopsies to assess the numbers of macrophages and Paneth cells, and the expression of a-defen-sin-5. The results showed that a gluten-free diet decreases duodenal macrophage counts in celiac disease patients more substantially than B. infantis, while B. infantis decreases Paneth cell counts and expression of a-defensin-5 in celiac patients. This study showed key physical differences between a year of gluten-free dieting, and the innate immune effects after treatment with B. infantis. They also point out the need to further study potentially synergistic effects of gluten-free diet and B. infantis together. Readmore in the J Clin Gastroenterol 2016;00:000–000 -
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Celiac Disease Shows Distinct Gut Biomarkers in Children
Scott Adams posted an article in Latest Research
Celiac.com 11/26/2020 - For all that recent research has told us about celiac disease, we still don't know whether changes in the intestinal microbiota of children with celiac disease contribute to the disease, or if they are a result of disease and/or its treatment with a gluten-free diet. A team of researchers recently conducted a study to better understand the issue. The research team included Konstantina Zafeiropoulou, Ben Nichols, Mary Mackinder, Olga Biskou, Eleni Rizou, Antonia Karanikolou, Clare Clark, Elaine Buchanan, Tracey Cardigan, Hazel Duncan, David Wands, Julie Russell, Richard Hansen, Richard K. Russell, Paraic McGrogan, Christine A. Edwards, Umer Z. Ijaz, and Konstantinos Gerasimidis. They are variously affiliated with the Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland; the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, Scotland, UK; and with the department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. The team assessed fecal samples from 57 healthy children, 20 children with new-onset celiac disease, 45 with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet, and 19 unaffected siblings of children with celiac disease in Glasgow, Scotland. The team used 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to analyze samples, and gas chromatography to measure diet-related metabolites and looked at fecal samples from 13 children with new-onset celiac disease after 6 and 12 months on a gluten-free diet. They then assessed the connections between diet composition, microbiota, gastrointestinal function, and biomarkers of gluten-free diet compliance. Microbiota diversity was similar among the groups. The team saw no microbial dysbiosis in children with new-onset celiac disease. Most of the variation in microbiota composition was explained by the gluten-free diet. The difference in taxa between the groups was about a 3% to 5%, and celiac disease was marked by a specific microbe signature of eleven distinctive operational taxonomic units with high diagnostic probability. About 75% to 94% of the relevant differences between patients on a gluten-free diet with new-onset celiac disease vs healthy children were associated with nutrients and foods, and with biomarkers of gluten ingestion. Meanwhile, fecal levels of butyrate and ammonia decreased with a gluten-free diet. A number of the differences in the gut microbiota of children with established celiac disease appear to result from a gluten-free diet. Meanwhile, it's clear from the data that specific bacteria serve a distinct biomarkers of celiac disease. Further study will help to determine whether these bacteria contribute to celiac disease development. Read more in Gastroenterology -
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Celiac.com 08/27/2020 - Several thousand strains of bacteria live in the human gut. Some strains are beneficial, while others can promote disease. To make matters more difficult, many of these strains cannot currently be grown in laboratory settings. Certain bacteria species that cannot live in oxygen-rich environments present an even more difficult study challenge. A team of biological and mechanical engineers at MIT have created a device for growing oxygen-intolerant bacteria in tissue in low-oxygen conditions that mirror the lining of the human colon, allowing them to live for up to four days. The research team used the device to grow a strain of bacteria called Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which lives in the human gut and protects against inflammation. They also showed that these bacteria, which are often diminished in patients with Crohn's disease, appear to exert many of their protective effects through the release of a fatty acid called butyrate. The research team included senior authors Linda Griffith, a School of Engineering Professor of Teaching Innovation in MIT's Department of Biological Engineering, and MIT mechanical engineering professor David Trumper, together with lead authors, Jianbo Zhang and Yu-Ja Huang, both postdoctoral students. The researchers also plan to use their system to study various bacteria linked to Crohn's disease, to assess the effects of each species of the condition. The team plans to joins forces with Alessio Fasano, division chief of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition at Massachusetts General Hospital, to study mucosal tissue from people with celiac disease, and other GI conditions. Tissues grown using this method could help to reveal the secrets of microbe-induced inflammation in cells with differing genetic composition. "We are hoping to get new data that will show how the microbes and the inflammation work with the genetic background of the host, to see if there could be people who have a genetic susceptibility to having microbes interfere with the mucosal barrier a little more than other people," Griffith says. Griffith says the device can be used to study other types of mucosal barriers, including those of the female reproductive tract, such as the cervix and the endometrium. Better understanding the composition of gut bacteria, and their roles in gut inflammation and other celiac-related conditions could pave the way for major breakthroughs in the understanding and treatment of celiac disease. Read more at News-medical.net -
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