Thiamine Thiamine Thiamine

I found these neat articles.

Celiac.com Sponsor (A13):
B cells defined by immunoglobulin isotypes

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9985177/

And...

Mode of Bioenergetic Metabolism during B Cell Differentiation in the Intestine Determines the Distinct Requirement for Vitamin B1

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26411688/

And...

Metabolism of Dietary and Microbial Vitamin B Family in the Regulation of Host Immunity

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478888/

And...

TKT maintains intestinal ATP production and inhibits apoptosis-induced colitis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448773/

Immune cells called B cells need thiamine to become antibody producing cells.  If there's a thiamine deficiency, the B cells cannot become antibody producing cells and there's less of an immune reaction.   Different types of B cells produce different types of antibodies.  

B cells that can produce IgG antibodies are in the bloodstream, so they are the first line of defense.  They can use different methods of making energy, so are not dependent on Thiamine to be able to change into IgG antibody producing cells.  

IgA antibodies are produced mainly in the intestines after B cells which produce IgA antibodies are changed into IgA antibody producing cells.  This change is dependent upon Thiamine.  If there's not sufficient thiamine, fewer B cells can change and fewer IgA antibodies are produced.  

The IgA antibodies stay in the intestines until there's sufficient numbers of them they get into the bloodstream from the intestines.  

Some of us are seronegative.

Clinical and genetic profile of patients with seronegative coeliac disease: the natural history and response to gluten-free diet:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5606118/

Seronegative Celiac Disease - A Challenging Case:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9441776/

Enteropathies with villous atrophy but negative coeliac serology in adults: current issues:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34764141/