"Vitamin D, as an immune modulator, is known to regulate immune response and maybe implicated in disease pathogenesis or susceptibility of celiac disease. Components of the immune system, such as B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells, are influenced by the regulatory effects of Vitamin D ... Increasing evidence also suggests that Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk and worsens the outcome of extraskeletal diseases such as cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease ... Previous studies have shown that vitamin D levels in the celiac disease group are negatively correlated with symptom severity, which means the lower the vitamin D levels, the more severe the symptoms of celiac disease patients. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with reduced expression of the Vitamin D receptor and epithelial barrier proteins E-cadherin and claudin-2. " https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-024-04688-0#:~:text=However%2C celiac disease occurs only in,newly diagnosed celiac disease [19].
