Jump to content
  • Welcome to Celiac.com!

    You have found your celiac tribe! Join us and ask questions in our forum, share your story, and connect with others.




  • Celiac.com Sponsor (A1):



    Celiac.com Sponsor (A1-M):


  • Get Celiac.com Updates:
    Support Our Content
    eNewsletter
    Donate

Furious, confused, and REALLY tired of this.


MissTeaMuse

Recommended Posts

MissTeaMuse Rookie

Hey y'all, I will try and make this short and sweet. Hoping someone can help me figure out what my next move should be! I was tested July of 2021 by my endocrinologist and told I "need to stop eating gluten". I wasn't given follow-up appointments with any other doctors, or even told I would need to do that. Fast forward to now, I have been DILIGENTLY gluten-free (I don't even dine out at restaurants anymore for fear of CC) since I was given that "diagnosis". I saw an allergist recently who did the genetic panel, after viewing the result she told me that i am "very low risk" for celiac. I dug out the old bloodwork online from the Endo, it was as follows:

ttg dGp Positive ** Endomysial antibody IGA negative ** ttg IGA <2

The current tests from the allergist:

HLA-DQB1*02 Negative ** HLA-DQB1*3:02(8) Negative

HLA-DQA1*05 Positive

I don't know what to think, or where to go from here. I have an appointment with a GI next week, but I am not sure what to ask for. Previous to July of '21 I had my gallbladder out because of a huge stone that caused me debilitating pain. The reason for the testing in july of that year was I was still having awful gut issues. I also now have TERRIBLE acid reflux, if I don't take famotidine and pantaprozole daily it is so bad I'm afraid to eat anything at all. Any insights are so incredibly appreciated, I am at a loss here. Google just further confuses me at this time- too much information!

Thank you in advance!!


Celiac.com Sponsor (A8):
Celiac.com Sponsor (A8):



Celiac.com Sponsor (A8-M):



knitty kitty Grand Master

@MissTeaMuse,

Welcome to the forum!

You have "HLA-DQA1*05 Positive" which is a gene for Celiac Disease.  Your DGP antibody test is positive.  These are positive test results for Celiac Disease.  It may be a low risk, but it has happened.

Terrible acid reflux is actually a symptom of low stomach acid, so taking PPI's further reduces stomach acid.  PPI's also cause continuing inflammation in the small intestine right where vitamins and minerals are usually absorbed, contributing to malabsorption of essential nutrients, and resulting in micronutrient deficiencies.  

I also had terrible acid reflux.  Thiamine deficiency causes low stomach acid.  I was put on PPI's which causes further thiamine deficiency.  Nausea is also a symptom of Thiamine deficiency.  Some medications like famotidine actually cause thiamine deficiency by blocking the thiamine transporters which are special doors through which thiamine enters the cells.  You can have normal blood levels of Thiamine, but still have a functional deficiency because the Thiamine cannot get into the cells and do its work.

I had to have my gallbladder out.  Gallbladder dysfunction and stone formation are symptoms of Vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiency.  

I also had Mast Cell Activation Syndrome and Histamine Intolerance which frequently occurs in Celiac.  High levels of histamine can promote sensitivity to other foods which can then become allergies.  So, I adopted the AutoImmune Protocol Diet which reduces inflammation and helps heal the digestive tract.  I chose low histamine foods.  

I supplemented vitamins and minerals to correct nutritional deficiencies.  Vitamin D helps regulate the immune system and reduces inflammation.  Thiamine and the other B vitamins are essential amino acids that our bodies need to function and heal.  The B Complex vitamins and Vitamin C help reduce histamine levels.  Magnesium helps calm inflammation, too.

What sort of gluten free foods are you currently eating?  Do you eat processed gluten free foods?  Gluten free facsimile foods are not required to be enriched with vitamins and minerals like gluten containing products.  Have you talked with a nutritionist?

 

MissTeaMuse Rookie

Thank you for your insight! I have spoken to a nutritionist, who just told me to “keep up the good work” of not eating gluten. I don’t eat processed foods at all, and I have many other food allergies that make me feel like I can’t eat anything really except baked chicken and rice. AIP has been attempted but is not viable, I am already super restricted as it is- allergic to most fruits and vegetables so it becomes a carnivore diet, which is just a recipe for constant diarrhea, and I have to work for a living. I am unable to tolerate B complex vitamins, they make me strangely rage angry when I take them! It’s the weirdest thing. What did you do about your acid reflux? Did you stop taking the medicine? Like I said, super frustrating and confusing - and the doctors don’t seem to know what they are even talking about. Thank you again.

bookless Newbie

When I saw my gastroenterologist, she told me I did not have celiac because my IgA was not elevated. When I saw my results it said in red numbers that my IgA was less than 5. I looked it up and found out about IgA deficiency. IgA deficiency is 10-20x more prevalent in people with celiac. I brought that to my doctor and she said that maybe I did have celiac. I hadn’t a colonoscopy in 10 years so I self referred myself to get one. The surgeon was great and said he would look at everything he could. My gastro ordered an endoscopy for my esophagus but the surgeon said he would go down to my small intestine to look at celiac. My gastro diagnosed me with liver disease and told me to just lose 10% body weight. I did and nothing changed. I have been looking for relief from abdominal pain for decades, seeing doctors, naturopaths, acupuncturists ever since I was “anorexic” to being “obese”.  I started going gluten free and waiting for my biopsy results.  My abdominal pain is gone.

knitty kitty Grand Master

Welcome to the forum, @bookless!

 

knitty kitty Grand Master

@MissTeaMuse,

I stopped taking the PPI's because I got so sick from them.  PPI's are sulfa drugs.  A hypersensitivity to Sulfites and sulfa drugs is common in Celiac Disease.  I have developed Type Four Hypersensitivity to Sulfa drugs.  Being sensitive to perfumes, scented cleaning products, certain foods and other sulfa containing medications are symptoms.  

There are certain foods that have molecules that our bodies can mistake for gluten.  Casein in dairy, avenin in oats, yeast, the protein in rice, and proteins in Chicken meat.  I removed all of these on the Autoimmune Protocol Diet, plus I chose low histamine foods.  Within a few weeks I was feeling better on the AIP diet and vitamin supplements than I had felt in years.  As my histamine levels got lower I was able to tolerate more foods.  

You probably were taking a B Complex that contained a form of Niacin that causes flushing.  Flushing is normal and even desirable after taking Niacin as nicotinic acid (not at all the same as nicotine in cigarettes).  Extreme flushing is common if you are deficient in Niacin.  The initial flushing goes away after thirty minutes or so.  The episodes of flushing gets less and less the longer Niacin is taken and the body replenished its stores.  Niacinamide and tryptophan (other forms of Niacin) do not cause flushing.  You could look for a B Complex supplement that has a nonflushing form of Niacin like Niacinamide.  You could take each of the eight B vitamins separately.  This is what I do because I take extra Thiamine.  

Yes, doctors aren't really knowledgeable of vitamin deficiencies in Celiac Disease.  

knitty kitty Grand Master

@bookless,

I developed Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).  

NAFLD can be caused by Thiamine deficiency.  My NAFLD resolved after supplementing with Thiamine Vitamin B 1.  

Anorexia and obesity can occur in Thiamine deficiency.  I've experienced both at different points.  

In Thiamine deficiency, the body burns fat and muscle as fuel, hence Anorexia.  In Thiamine deficiency with an excess of carbohydrates, the body stores the extra calories as fat because it doesn't have enough Thiamine to properly burn carbohydrates for fuel, resulting in obesity.  

Doctors seem to neglect the fact that Celiac damages the small intestine where vitamins and minerals are absorbed.  This malabsorption results in malnutrition.  Correction of nutritional deficiencies is part of proper Celiac care.  

 


Celiac.com Sponsor (A8):
Celiac.com Sponsor (A8):



Celiac.com Sponsor (A8-M):



Scott Adams Grand Master

I agree with @knitty kitty, and low genetic risk does not equal zero risk of developing celiac disease. In your case the positive blood test should have been followed up with an endoscopy, but if many of your symptoms went away after going gluten-free, then it was likely the correct diagnosis.

MissTeaMuse Rookie

I had a back and forth with the allergist this morning who is still insisting these numbers do not indicate a positive celiac diagnosis. She said they indicate a gluten “sensitivity” (she put the word in quotes, not me)- like I said, so incredibly exasperating 🥺

Scott Adams Grand Master

NCGS is possible too, but the normal step after the positive blood test would have been to do an endoscopy to confirm the diagnosis, and since they advised you to go gluten-free without that test you will likely never know, unless you want to go through a gluten challenge to find out. Whether it is NCGS or celiac disease, the outcome would be the same and you should be gluten-free.

knitty kitty Grand Master

@MissTeaMuse,

@bookless is correct about Total IgA needing to be checked when testing tTg.  Anemia and Diabetes can cause false negatives.  

A gluten "sensitivity" is like being "a little bit pregnant".  A positive is a positive.  How high the numbers are on the test doesn't correlate to the severity of damage in the small intestine.  Low numbers don't mean low "sensitivity".  The numbers come down over time as long as you remain gluten free.  These tests measure the amount of antibodies produced against gluten.  No gluten exposure, lower antibody levels.  

Gastrointestinal beriberi caused by a deficiency in Thiamine can cause gastrointestinal problems.  It concerns me that you're so ill taking the PPI's. 

I do hope you feel better.

MissTeaMuse Rookie

Thank you - all of you for your replies! The allergist keeps telling me this test is not correct because it literally just says the following:

Gluten Sensitivity Screen

Ttg/dpg

abnormal

positive

she says it should have some sort of numbers. I’m seeing a GI for the first time on Monday- and printing all of this out. I’ve never had an endoscopy and I guess now it won’t really help since I have been so staunchly gluten-free for nearly 2 years now. The PPIs do work for the reflux, as long as I take them daily. I’m only sick when I don’t take them- even water makes me miserable in that case.

RMJ Mentor

It is unusual not to have numbers, but that doesn’t mean it is wrong! I’m glad you’ll be seeing a GI. Please be sure that the GI knows you are gluten free.  Antibody levels go down when a patient is gluten free. We’ve heard plenty of stories on the forum of someone being tested or retested for celiac disease when gluten free and being told they don’t have it.

MissTeaMuse Rookie

Will do, thank you! I feel sort of bad for this GI, I’m bringing a folder of all the things to go over 😆 

bookless Newbie

PPIs can increase your risk of NAFLD. I am glad you got off of them.

Grammy9 Rookie
9 hours ago, bookless said:

PPIs can increase your risk of NAFLD. I am glad you got off of them.

Diagnosed 3 years ago by GI. At age 73. Never been sick in my life. You’re right it is totally overwhelming. Especially when you have a spouse that can’t understand it. I have DH reaction. But the gut pain is unreal. Dermatology tests showed allergy to wheat - negative! Sure! Allergists and dermatologists are not always the best source for diagnosing Celiac. Celiac many times comes with lactose intolerance. I tried lactose free milk. Took time for me to realize that I was still reacting to that. Oatly milk is the only one I can tolerate. Added vitamins. Huge improvement. I thought at my age it was time to enjoy eating out more. NOT! Not happy to be cooking at home but healthier. We travel a lot! Always have gluten free snack in my purse. Thought I could leave my kitchen as is. NOT! Convincing my husband was something else. It is overwhelming no doubt. But a good GI and accepting what you need to do to stay healthy will make a big difference. Hang in there. It will get better. 

Grammy9 Rookie
Just now, Grammy9 said:

Diagnosed 3 years ago by GI. At age 73. Never been sick in my life. You’re right it is totally overwhelming. Especially when you have a spouse that can’t understand it. I have DH reaction. But the gut pain is unreal. Dermatology tests showed allergy to wheat - negative! Sure! Allergists and dermatologists are not always the best source for diagnosing Celiac. Celiac many times comes with lactose intolerance. I tried lactose free milk. Took time for me to realize that I was still reacting to that. Oatly milk is the only one I can tolerate. Added vitamins. Huge improvement. I thought at my age it was time to enjoy eating out more. NOT! Not happy to be cooking at home but healthier. We travel a lot! Always have gluten free snack in my purse. Thought I could leave my kitchen as is. NOT! Convincing my husband was something else. It is overwhelming no doubt. But a good GI and accepting what you need to do to stay healthy will make a big difference. Hang in there. It will get better. 

Also, gluten is in almost everything! Meds. Cosmetics. Lotions. Face Wipes. Crazy!

RecoveredCeliac Apprentice
5 hours ago, Grammy9 said:

Also, gluten is in almost everything! Meds. Cosmetics. Lotions. Face Wipes. Crazy!

I've been gluten free for 2 years..  its actually very easy bein gluten free

MissTeaMuse Rookie
On 2/11/2023 at 11:58 PM, bookless said:

PPIs can increase your risk of NAFLD. I am glad you got off of them.

I’m not off of them- if I don’t take them, I get horrific acid reflux even from drinking water. I think another person in the replies above said they no longer take them, though. Hopefully the GI will give me some answers tomorrow and I can get off them, too!!

bookless Newbie
19 minutes ago, MissTeaMuse said:

I’m not off of them- if I don’t take them, I get horrific acid reflux even from drinking water. I think another person in the replies above said they no longer take them, though. Hopefully the GI will give me some answers tomorrow and I can get off them, too!!

Some say sodium alginate can help keep reflux down but I have not tried it myself because I don’t have reflux. There is probably a reason behind why your body is refluxing so I hope it gets sorted out.

I only used PPIs for a week or so as a precaution after my cardiologist burned my esophagus during an ablation. It made my liver enzymes shoot up and upset my stomach.

knitty kitty Grand Master

PPI's are not meant for long term use.  

Have you tried taking a magnesium supplement after meals?   Many Over the counter antacids contain magnesium.

Not producing enough stomach acid is called Achlorhydria.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507793/

 

Grammy9 Rookie

When I was first diagnosed with celiac I would loose my voice and an ENT determined that acid reflux was burning my vocal cords. The GI did an endoscopy and saw a hernia on my esophagus and that the spinctor was stuck open. Had surgery (first time in my life) and it helped but I still don’t tolerate citrus well. Nothing major just better off without it. I’m learning also that you can find most foods gluten free. They are more expensive and you have to prepare them but it’s doable. It’s just all consuming as most diseases are. You change your way of life and therefore live happier and more comfortable. Sometimes the harder part is getting those others in your life to understand your problem. Socializing is not the same. But if your friends and family love and understand you they will adapt also. It’s a life changer but most diseases are. 

DebJ14 Enthusiast
(edited)

Our son was being treated for pericaditis and lupus when he was a teen.  Because he was on large doses of Plaquenil, NSAIDs, and Prednisone he was prescribed a PPI.  Instead of just a 14 day course as now recommended, he was on it for nearly 2 years.  He was misdiagnosed, so the only drug he actually needed was the steroid for the pericarditis. It was drug induced, not systemic lupus.  Once we knew that, we began the process of weaning him off the drugs under medical supervision.  He ended up with NAFLD, which the gastro pinned on the combo of all those drugs  for such a long time.  Even now almost 25 years later he has horrible gut problems.  He also has NCGS and has an allergy to all dairy. His liver responded to Milk Thistle and Alpha Lipoic Acid along with a low carb, organic diet,  His liver enzymes have stayed down, but he is vigilant.

He was having horrible episodes of acid reflux, bloating and severe gas pain after a bout of food poisoning in 2019.  The gastro put him on antibiotics and Prilosec.  It cleared up fast, but then he had the side effects from the drugs.  Every time his gut acted up the gastro prescribed the same thing.  It was not curing the problem, just masking symptoms.  So, he saw a functional medicine doctor who  switched him to juicing cabbage, celery and apples daily..  Studies have shown it to be as effective as the drugs, but without the side effects..  It cures  ulcers in about the same amount of time, but gastritis takes longer.  He will do anything to avoid taking the PPI again and he has a really hard time with antibiotics.  Many classes of drugs are completely out due to his history and drug allergies.  The PPI shuts down acid production and when you resume a normal diet, the food does not properly digest and sits there and ferments making the rebound problem worse.  No such issues with the cabbage juice combo.  It balances the stomach acid allowing for digestion.  The change in his life is remarkable.  Instead of feeling horrible all the time, he feels better than he ever has and finally is able to enjoy life again. 

Edited by DebJ14
typo
Scott Adams Grand Master

Allowing PPI's to be over the counter medicines in the USA is, in my opinion, a total disaster!

Beverage Proficient

I had a lot of acid reflux before and after my Celiac diagnosis. I apparently had a slight hiatal hernia, as in following the procedures in this article for heel thumping, I actually felt something slither down and suddenly a lot of my symptoms were greatly decreased.  I continue to do things in this article, and have had only minimal symptoms ever since, especially when I maintain the raised head of the bed, sip of apple cider vinegar before meals with protein (we need the acid to digest and not let the food rot), and heel thumping in the morning (or anytime it seems to be acting up).  Also, DGL tablets after a meal with anything acidic or spicy helps, sometimes before sleep, as laying down can sometimes brings it on.

https://drjockers.com/hiatal-hernia/

 

 

Create an account or sign in to comment

You need to be a member in order to leave a comment

Create an account

Sign up for a new account in our community. It's easy!

Register a new account

Sign in

Already have an account? Sign in here.

Sign In Now

  • Celiac.com Sponsor (A19):



  • Member Statistics

    • Total Members
      131,858
    • Most Online (within 30 mins)
      7,748

    Janet1234
    Newest Member
    Janet1234
    Joined

  • Celiac.com Sponsor (A20):


  • Forum Statistics

    • Total Topics
      121.4k
    • Total Posts
      1m

  • Celiac.com Sponsor (A22):





  • Celiac.com Sponsor (A21):



  • Upcoming Events

  • Posts

    • Rogol72
      Some interesting articles regarding the use of Zinc Carnosine to help heal gastric ulcers, gastritis and intestinal permeability. I would consult a medical professional about it's use. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncpgasthep0778 https://www.rupahealth.com/post/clinical-applications-of-zinc-carnosine---evidence-review https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7146259/ https://www.fallbrookmedicalcenter.com/zinc-l-carnosine-benefits-dosage-and-safety/
    • Jillian83
      He is. Which makes everything even more difficult. I’m not a believer in “staying for the kids” but I have nowhere to go and it’s not just me, it’s me plus my babies. We live in a beautiful place, lots of land in the country and me and the kids love the place we’ve called home for their entire lives. But Im seeing that he’ll never change, that my kids deserve a happy healthy Momma, and that staying in this as is will be the early death of me. Then I look at the scars covering my entire body…this disease and the chronic stress I’ve been enduring for years that tell me I’m no longer beautiful and no one will ever look at me with interest again. I try self care, try to give myself grace so I can just start loving myself enough to gain strength but the slightest sparkle in my eye and skip in my step attracts his wrath and it all comes crashing ten fold. Life is just absolutely railing me from every single direction leaving me wanting to wave that white flag bc I don’t feel like there’s much hope no matter what happens. 
    • trents
    • Jillian83
      Hi, I was recently diagnosed with Celiac and dermatitis herpetiformis after years of suffering without answers. I lost my mind. I lost my job. I lost so much time. I lost Me. Conventional doctors are opulent come near me and the one who did sat across the room, misdiagnosed me, pumped me full of steroids which collapsed my entire hip for 6 months. So without answers I began my holistic journey. Fast forward a couple of years and still struggling with a mysterious whole body itchy, crawling “skin hell”, perfect teeth now deteriorating, thick hair now thinning rapidly and no more than a day or 2 at most relief….An acquaintance opened up a functional medicine practice. Cash only, I found a way. Within a month tests clearly showing my off the charts gluten allergy/sensitivity as well as the depletion of vital nutrients due to leaky gut and intestinal damage. dermatitis herpetiformis was more than likely what I was experiencing with my skin. I was happy. I thought this is easy, eat healthy Whole Foods, follow the diet restrictions and I finally get to heal and feel confident and like myself again very soon! 😔 Supplements are very pricey but I got them and began my healing. Which leads to the other major issue: not working, stay at home Mom of young kids, entirely financially dependent on my man of 7 plus years. He’s never been supportive of anything I’ve ever done or been thru. He controls everything. I’m not given much money ever at a time and when he does leave money it’s only enough to possibly get gas. His excuse is that I’ll spend it on other things. So my “allowance” is inconsistent and has conditions. He withholds money from me as punishment for anything he wants. Since being diagnosed, he’s gained a new control tactic to use as punishment. He now is in control of when I get to eat. He asked for proof of my diagnosis and diet bc he said I made it up just to be able to eat expensive organic foods. Then after I sent him my file from my doctor he then said she wasn’t a real doctor. 😡. I go days upon days starving, sometimes breaking down and eating things I shouldn’t bc I’m so sick then I pay horribly while he gets annoyed and angry bc I’m not keeping up with all the duties I’m supposed to be doing. His abuse turns full on when I’m down and it’s in these desperate times when I need his support and care the most that I’m punished with silence, being starved, ignored, belittled. He will create more of a mess just bc I’m unable to get up and clean so that when I am better, I’m so overwhelmed with chores to catch up that the stress causes me to go right back into a flare from hell and the cycle repeats. I’m punished for being sick. I’m belittled for starving and asking for healthy clean water. I’m purposely left out of his life. He won’t even tell me he’s going to the grocery or to get dinner bc he doesn’t want me to ask him for anything. I have no one. I have nothing. Im not better. My supplements ran out and I desperately need Vitamin D3 and a methylated B complex at the very minimal just to function….he stares at me blankly…no, a slight smirk, no words. He’s happiest when im miserable and I am miserable.  this is so long and im condensing as much as I can but this situation is so complicated and disgusting. And it’s currently my life. The “IT” girl, the healthy, beautiful, perfect skin, perfect teeth, thick and curly locks for days, creative and talented IT girl….now I won’t even leave this house bc Im ashamed of what this has dont to my body, my skin. Im disgusted. The stress is keeping me from healing and I think he knows that and that’s why he continues to keep me in that state. He doesn’t want me confident or successful. He doesn’t want me healed and healthy bc then how would he put the blame of all his problems on me? This journey has been hell and I’ve been in Hell before. I’ve been killed by an ex, I’ve been raped, robbed, held hostage, abused beyond nightmares but the cruelty I’ve experienced from him bc of this disease is the coldest I’ve ever experienced. I’ve wanted to give up. Starving and in tears, desperate…I found a local food pantry in our small town so I reached out just saying I had Celiac and was on hard times. This woman is blessing me daily with prepared gluten free meals, donations, educational info, people who know this disease and how they manage life and the blessings just keep coming. But it’s overwhelming and I feel like I don’t deserve it at all. He just glared and I know he’s going to sabotage it somehow. I don’t even know what to do anymore. I’m so broken and just want peace and healing. 
    • cristiana
      @Colleen H   I am just curious,  when you were tested for coeliac disease, did the doctors find out if you had any deficiencies? Sometimes muscle pain can be caused by certain deficiencies, for example, magnesium, vitamin D, calcium, and potassium.   Might be worth looking into having some more tests.  Pins and needles can be neuropathy, again caused by deficiencies, such as iron and B12,  which can be reversed if these deficiencies are addressed. In the UK where I live we are usually only tested for iron, B12 and vitamin D deficiencies at diagnosis.   I was very iron anemic and supplementation made a big difference.  B12 was low normal, but in other countries the UK's low normal would be considered a deficiency.  My vitamin D was low normal, and I've been supplementing ever since (when I remember to take it!) My pins and needles definitely started to improve when my known deficiencies were addressed.  My nutritionist also gave me a broad spectrum supplement which really helped, because I suspect I wasn't just deficient in what I mention above but in many other vitamins and minerals.  But a word of warning, don't take iron unless blood tests reveal you actually need it, and if you are taking it your levels must be regularly monitored because too much can make you ill.  (And if you are currently taking iron, that might actually be making your stomach sore - it did mine, so my GP changed my iron supplementation to a gentler form, ferrous gluconate). Lastly, have you been trying to take anything to lessen the pain in your gut?  I get a sore stomach periodically, usually when I've had too much rich food, or when I have had to take an aspirin or certain antibiotics, or after glutening.  When this happens, I take for just a few days a small daily dose of OTC omeprazole.  I also follow a reflux or gastritis diet. There are lots online but the common denominators to these diets is you need to cut out caffeine, alcohol, rich, spicy, acidic food etc and eat small regularly spaced meals.   When I get a sore stomach, I also find it helpful to drink lots of water.  I also find hot water with a few slices of ginger very soothing to sip, or camomile tea.  A wedge pillow at night is good for reflux. Also,  best not to eat a meal 2-3 hours before going to bed. If the stomach pain is getting worse, though, it would be wise to see the doctor again. I hope some of this helps. Cristiana    
×
×
  • Create New...

Important Information

NOTICE: This site places This site places cookies on your device (Cookie settings). on your device. Continued use is acceptance of our Terms of Use, and Privacy Policy.